BA1: Major Responsibilities: Proprioception, texture information, object size and shape, body sensation
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Agraphesthesia, asterognosia, hemihypesthesia, loss of vibration sensation, proprioception and fine touch, hemineglect, reduced nociception, thermoception, crude touch, dysfunction in size, shape and texture discrimination, chronic pain (R)
BA2: Major Responsibilities: Proprioception, texture information, object size and shape, body sensation
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Agraphesthesia, asterognosia, hemihypesthesia, loss of vibration sensation, proprioception and fine touch, hemineglect, reduced nociception, thermoception, crude touch, dysfunction in size, shape and texture discrimination, chronic pain (R)
BA3: Major Responsibilities: Proprioception, texture information, object size and shape, body sensation
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Agraphesthesia, asterognosia, hemihypesthesia, loss of vibration sensation, proprioception and fine touch, hemineglect, reduced nociception, thermoception, crude touch, dysfunction in size, shape and texture discrimination, chronic pain (R)
BA4: Major Responsibilities: Movement planning and execution
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired motor control and touch recognition, paralysis
BA5: Major Responsibilities: Somatosensory processing and association
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired somatosensory and spatial perception, pain, fibromyalgia, impaired balance and touch recognition, decreased tactile or skin sensitivity, blurred vision
BA6: Major Responsibilities: Planning complex, coordinated movements
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Hyperactivity (R), blurred vision
BA7: Major Responsibilities: Convergence of vision and proprioception, visual-motor coordination
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Easily distracted, poor comprehension, difficulty with social cues (R), dyslexia (L), dyscalculia, agnosia, aphasia, focus impairment, obsession, fibromyalgia, impaired spatial perception, decreased tactile or skin sensitivity, denial (R), insensitive to other’s emotional expressions (R), impaired facial recognition, special orientation problems (R), poor social skills (R)
BA8: Major Responsibilities: Non-tracking, voluntary eye movements, control of visual attention, motor planning, mood control
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Deviation of eyes to the ipsilateral side, visual stress symptoms, hyperactivity (R), executive function deficits, tactile agnosia, impulsivity, oppositional, depressed, poor social skills (R)
BA9: Major Responsibilities: Working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition, abstract reasoning
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Executive function problems, poor concentration, impulsivity, oppositional, poor anger management, obsessive thoughts about self, difficulty multitasking, impaired self-esteem (R), poor social skills (R)
BA10: Major Responsibilities: Strategic processes, memory recall, executive functions, executive emotion and planning
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Executive function problems, compulsive thoughts or behaviours, impulsivity, oppositional, poor concentration, amnesia, aphasia, poor anger management, poor motivation, mood swings, delusions, failure to initiate actions, obsessive thoughts about self, difficulty multitasking, impaired self-esteem (R), poor social skills (R), slow thought, easily confused
BA11: Major Responsibilities: Planning, reasoning, decision making
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Executive function problems, disturbance of mood or thought, impulsivity, oppositional, apathy, mutism, aggression, compulsion, impaired self-image, derealization, poor anger management, poor motivation, mood swings, delusions, obsessive thoughts about self, difficulty multitasking, impaired self-esteem (R), poor social skills (R), slow thought, easily confused
BA13: Major Responsibilities: Primary Emotional Sensation
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Progressive non-fluent aphasia, addiction, anxiety disorders, emotional dysregulation, oppositional panic, persecutory delusions, fibromyalgia, low motivation, migraines, chronic pain (R), obsessive thoughts about self, impaired self-esteem (R), poor social skills (R)
BA17: Major Responsibilities: Visual sensation, pattern recognition, visual processing (static and moving objects)
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Cortical blindness, impaired visual or spatial perception, slow reading, difficulty with letter perception (L), blurred vision
BA18: Major Responsibilities: Visual integration
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired visual or spatial perception, slow reading, agnosia (R), denial (R), difficulty with letter perception (L), blurred vision
BA19: Major Responsibilities: Visual perception
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Easily distracted, impaired visual or spatial perception, slow reading, dyscalculia, dyslexia (L), agnosia (R), denial (R), difficulty with letter perception (L), insensitive to others’ emotional expressions (R)
BA20: Major Responsibilities: Memory, auditory processing
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired memory
BA21: Major Responsibilities: Memory, auditory processing, language
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Problems with auditory sequencing, impaired receptive language (L)
BA22: Major Responsibilities: Auditory processing (contains Wernicke’s Area)
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Auditory sequencing problems
BA23: Major Responsibilities: Spatial memory, configural learning, maintenance of discriminative avoidance learning, fear conditioning, memory retrieval, emotional salience
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, easily distracted, impaired spatial perception, short-term memory problems, slow thought, easily confused
BA24: Major Responsibilities: Regulating blood pressure and heart rate, reward anticipation, decision making, empathy, impulse control, emotion, error detection and conflict monitoring, registering physical pain
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Abulia and amotivational syndromes, inability to detect errors, difficulty resolving conflict, emotional instability, inattention, schizophrenia, hyperactivity (R), easily distracted, impulsive, compulsive thoughts or behaviours, difficulty concentrating, short term memory difficulty, poor motivation, depressed feelings, failure to initiate actions, chronic pain (R), obsessive thoughts about self, difficulty multitasking, impaired self-esteem (R), slow thought, easily confused
BA25: Major Responsibilities: Serotonin transporter-rich area, normal processing of sadness
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Depressive symptoms, hyperactivity (R), short-term memory problems, poor motivation, failure to initiate actions, multitasking problems, impaired self-esteem (R), slow thought, easily confused
BA27: Major Responsibilities: Unclear
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Anterograde amnestic disorder
BA28: Major Responsibilities: Memory, recognition
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Facial recognition difficulty, auditory agnosia
BA29: Major Responsibilities: Unclear
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Anterograde amnestic disorder
BA30: Major Responsibilities: Episodic recall, projections involving the thalamus and cingulate
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired spatial processing, short-term memory impairment, dyscalculia, slow thought, easily confused
BA31: Major Responsibilities: Somatosensory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired somatosensory perception, loss of visual imagery, attention impairment
BA32: Major Responsibilities: Motor planning
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired motor control, depressed feelings
BA33: Major Responsibilities: Unclear
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Hyperactivity (R), easily distracted, short-term memory difficulty, hyperfocussed, obsessive, poor motivation, impulsive, disturbances of image/awareness, depressed feelings, failure to initiate action, multitasking problems
BA34: Major Responsibilities: Olfactory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Ipsilateral anosmia, impaired olfactory perception
BA35: Major Responsibilities: Memory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Memory impairment
BA36: Major Responsibilities: Memory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Memory impairment
BA37: Major Responsibilities: Memory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Poor facial recognition, impaired memory, slow reading, letter perception problems (L), receptive language problems (L)
BA38: Major Responsibilities: Emotion regulation, auditory processing
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Temporal lobe seizures, impaired emotional regulation, poor anger management, delusions, auditory sequencing problems, insensitive to others’ emotional expressions (R), receptive language problems (L)
BA39: Major Responsibilities: Language, number processing, spatial cognition, memory retrieval, attention
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Semantic aphasia, Gerstmann syndrome, fibromyalgia, migraines, slow reading, difficulty with social cues (R), dyscalculia, dyslexia (L), agnosia (R), denial (R), letter perception problems (L), insensitive to others’ emotional expressions (R), receptive language problems (L), facial recognition problems, spatial orientation problems (R), poor social skills (R)
BA40: Major Responsibilities: Somatosensory
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Fibromyalgia, slow reading, difficulty with social cues (R), dyscalculia, dyslexia (L), agnosia (R), denial (R), letter perception problems (L), insensitive to others’ emotional expressions (R), receptive language problems (L), facial recognition problems, spatial orientation problems (R), poor social skills (R)
BA41: Major Responsibilities: Auditory sensation, language processing
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired auditory perception, difficulty with social cues (R), migraines, slow reading, letter perception problems (L), receptive language problems (L), spatial orientation problems (R)
BA42: Major Responsibilities: Auditory sensation, language processing
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired auditory perception, slow reading, letter perception problems (L)
BA43: Major Responsibilities: Somatic sensation, language
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Migraines, chronic pain (R), receptive language problems (L)
BA44: Major Responsibilities: Executive functions, queried language production
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired executive function, chronic pain (R)
BA45: Major Responsibilities: Executive functions, mood, language
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired executive function, compulsive thoughts or behaviours, delusions, lack of empathy
BA46: Major Responsibilities: Executive functions, mood, language, attention, working memory, self-control
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Impaired short-term memory, poor inhibition, poor organization, poor relevance finding, impaired executive function, oppositional, compulsive thoughts or behaviours, poor concentration, poor anger management, mood swings, delusions, obsessive thoughts about self
BA47: Major Responsibilities: Executive function, emotion regulation
Potential Symptoms of Deficit: Executive function impairment, compulsive thoughts or behaviours, delusions, lack of empathy